Downloads and Links

Youtube links

Coronary artery disease

• https://youtu.be/ycX1BPOwGwM

Angiography and PCI 

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzasYRhmOWg 

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wGnLrLImto

Valsalva Maneuver (for SVT) 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVFAr9-THKo

INFORMATION ON 

Coronary angiography 

Risks of Coronary Angiography

Common Risks

• Bruising or soreness at the puncture site

• Small blood collection (hematoma) at the puncture site

• Temporary irregular heartbeats during the procedure (usually settle on their own)

• Allergy to local anaesthetic or contrast dye (usually mild, treatable)
  
  

Less Common Risks

• Significant bleeding from the puncture site requiring prolonged pressure or further treatment

• Vascular complications such as pseudoaneurysm or damage to the artery used for access

• Contrast dye reaction (rash, nausea, breathing difficulty)

• Impaired kidney function due to contrast dye, usually temporary but occasionally longer lasting
  
  

Rare but Serious Risks

• Heart attack (<0.2%)

• Stroke (<0.1%)

• Serious damage to a coronary artery, including perforation (~0.3–3% depending on procedure complexity)

• Cardiac tamponade (fluid around the heart requiring urgent drainage)

• Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) (<0.01%)

• Death (<0.1%, less than 1 in 1000 patients)
  
  

Other Considerations

• Radiation exposure: very small increase in lifetime cancer risk

• Risks are slightly higher in patients with severe heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes, or advanced age
  
  

Coronary Angioplasty (Stent Insertion) - 

Risks of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)

Common Risks

• Bruising, discomfort, or small blood collection at the puncture site

• Temporary irregular heartbeats during or after the procedure

• Allergy to local anaesthetic or contrast dye (usually mild

• Chest discomfort when the balloon is inflated
  
  

Less Common Risks

• Significant bleeding from the artery puncture site; occasionally requires blood transfusion or surgical repair

• Vascular complications: pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, or arterial dissection

• Contrast dye–related kidney injury (usually temporary, sometimes prolonged)

• Stent-related issues: incomplete expansion or movement of the stent, requiring further treatment

• Contrast allergy reactions, rarely severe
  
  

Rare but Serious Risks

• Heart attack (~1–2%)

• Emergency bypass surgery (<1%)

• Stroke (<0.5%)

• Damage to the coronary artery (including perforation or dissection), which may cause life-threatening complications and need emergency surgery

• Cardiac tamponade (blood/fluid around the heart requiring urgent drainage)

• Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) (<0.01%)

• Death (~0.1–0.3%, but higher in emergency settings such as heart attack)
  
  

Long-Term Risks

• Restenosis (renarrowing of the stented artery) — ~5–10% within the first year (lower with drug-eluting stents)

• Stent thrombosis (blood clot within the stent) — rare (<1%), but potentially life‑threatening

• Need for repeat procedures (angioplasty or bypass surgery)
  
  

Other Considerations

• Lifelong antiplatelet therapy is usually required to prevent stent thrombosis, which carries a bleeding risk

• Radiation exposure: very small increase in lifetime cancer risk

• Higher risk in patients with diabetes, kidney impairment, complex coronary anatomy, or emergency PCI for heart attack